Vitamines of the Cell Biology
The vitamins are organic compounds of cell biology and diversity of their chemical nature. They are required in all minute amounts for normal growth of vitamines, the functioning of the cell, and reproduction of the cell's biology.
The vitamins play of the role of an important role in the cellular metabolism of cells and act as enzymes of cells and other biological catalysts in the various chemical activities of the cell organism. Their important role for the animals and all living beings has been reported by Hopkins, Osborne, Mendal, and McCollum (1913). Funk (1912) demonstrated the presence of basic nitrogen of cell biology in them and gave the name ‘’ vitamines of cell biology’’ meaning vital amines of the cell of them.
The living beings of animals cell can't synthesize the vitamin of cell biology from the standard food of these animals and so they are taken along with the good food. Their deficiency in cell biology causes metabolic disorders of cell and leads to various diseases of animals. For example, the deficiency of ascorbic acid means (Vitamine C) inhibits procollagen helix formation. Normal collagens of the cell are continuously degraded by specific extracellular enzymes of the cell that are called collagenases.
In scurvy, the defective pro-α- chains that are synthesized by vitamines and fail to form a triple helix of vitamins of cell biology and are immediately degraded of the cell. Consequently, with the gradual loss of the pre-existing normal collagen in the matrix of the cell, blood vessels become extremely fragile, and teeth become loose in their sockets when becomes the lakness of vitamines. This implies that in these particular tissues of vitamines degradation and replacement of collagens is relatively very fast. For example, in bones of animals, the ‘’turnover’’ of collagen is slow, that is in bone, collagen molecules persist for around 10 years before they are degraded and replaced. The vitamins of utmost cell biological importance have been tabulated in this Table
|
Vitamine |
Daily requirement |
Sources |
Functions |
Diseases and symptoms caused
by lack of vitamin |
|
Fat-Soluble Vitamine 1.Vitamine A (Retinol) |
750µ gm |
Animal fats (fish liver oil, egg yolk, milk, butter, cheese); palm oils; red peppers; dark green leafy vegetables (spinach, methi, cabbage); yellow vegetables ( carrot, pumpkin) and yellow fruits ( mango, papaya) |
Stored in the liver; maintain general health and vigor of epithelial cells. |
1.Skin become dry and scaly and so does the cornea of eyes causing xerophthalmia or ‘dry. 2. Night blindness or nyctalopia (inability to see in dim light) |
|
2.Vitamine D (Calciferol) |
200 IU (5 µ gm) |
Fish liver oils, liver, egg yolk, butter, fresh milk; Also produced by our body when skin cholesterol is exposed to ultra-violet rays of sunlight |
Involved in intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and in calcium metabolism and bone formation. |
1.Rickets in children; 2.Osteomalacia in adults. |
|
3.Vitamine E (Tocopherol) |
Trace amounts(15 IU) |
Vegetable oils (especially polyunsaturated fatty acids); wheat germ oil; egg- yolk; green leafy vegetables;(spinach, cabbage, cauliflower) |
Inhibit Of catabolism is the oxidation of vitamins of the certain fatty acids of cellular membranes of cell biology. |
Hemolytic anemia due to oxidation of unsaturated fats resulting in abnormal structure and function of mitochondria, lysosomes, and plasma membrane of cells. |
|
Water-Soluble vitamins 4.Vitamin B (Thiamine) |
1.3mg (boys) 1.2 mg (girls) |
Yeast; whole cereals (e.g., unpolished rice); pulses; oil-seeds, soybean; nuts (especially groundnut); liver, pork, seafood, green leafy vegetables. |
1.Essential for the synthesis of acetylcholine; 2.Rapidly destroyed by heat. 3.Carbohyrate metabolism |
1.Beriberi. Partial paralysis of the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract; paralysis of skeletal muscles, atrophy of limbs. 2.Polyneuritis. |
|
5.Vitamin B₂ (Riboflavin) |
1.6 mg (boys) 1.4 mg (girls) |
Peas, beans, milk, egg-white, liver, kidney, germinated cereals and pulses, growing green leafy vegetables. |
Forms the coenzyme FAD which is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and points |
1. Blurred vision, cataract and corneal ulceration; 2.Dermatitis (inflammation of skin); 3.Cheilosis (craking of skin at the corners of mouth and scaling of lips). |
|
6.Niacin (Nicotinic acid) |
18 mg (boys) 15 mg (girls) |
Meat, liver, fish, chicken, yeast, whole grain, peas, beans, pulses, nuts (groundnuts) potato, tomato, green vegetables, germinated deeds, and milk (Maize is deficient in niacin). |
1.Forms the coenzyme NAD which is involved in energy-releasing reactions; 2. In lipid metabolism inhibits the production of cholesterol and help in fat breakdown |
Pellagra, a disease characterized by three-D’ s-dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia (psychological disturbance). |
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7.Vitamine B₆ (Pyridoxin) |
1.5-2mg |
Liver, meat, fish (salmon), whole cereals, yellow corn, legumes, tomatoes, yogurt. |
1.Forms coenzymes involved in amino acid metabolism in the brain; 2.Involved in fat metabolism |
1.Convulsions; 2.Dermatitis of eyes, nose, and mouth; 3.Retarded growth. |
|
8.Folic acid |
50-100mg |
Green leafy vegetables, eggs, liver. |
1.Essential for the synthesis of DNA. 2.Overcooking destroys it. |
Macrocytic anemia (production of abnormally large red blood cells). |
|
9.Biotin (Vitamine H) |
0.3mg |
Yeast, liver, egg yolk, milk, kidneys. |
Acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and nucleic acid. |
1. Mental depression; 2. Muscular pain, fatigue; 3. Dermatitis; 4. Nausea. |
|
10.Vitamine V₁₂ (Cyanocobalamine) |
0.2-1.0µ gm |
Liver, kidney, meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese |
Acts as a coenzyme necessary for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, growth, and nerve function. |
1. P pernicious anemia; 2. Malfunctioning of the nervous system. |
|
11.Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) |
40mg |
Amla, guava, citrus fruits (lime, lemon, orange), tomatoes, green leafy vegetables ( cabbage, chili, and cauliflower) |
1.Promotes protein synthesis (collagen), wound healing, and iron abruption; 2.Protects body against infections; 3.Rapidly destroyed by heat. |
Scurvy. A disease characterized swelling of gums, multiple hemorrhages, anemia, and weakness. |
Hormones of the Cell Biology
Hormones of cell that are the complex organic compounds that occur in trace in the cytoplasm and regulate the synthesis of mRNA, enzymes of hormones, and various parts of other intracellular physiological activities of living beings. The important hormones are growth hormones that are estrogen, androgen, insulin, thyroxine, cortisone, and adrenocortical hormones, etc. These all hormones are synthesized through the ductless, endocrine glands and transported to many cells of multicellular organisms through the blood vascular system of cell biology. In cell biology, they regulate many metabolic activities. For example, the ecdysone hormone has been found to form puffs of cell biology ( Balbiani rings) in the giant chromosomes of insects and their. The hormones activate and depress the gene at the particular locus on the chromosome of cells. Thus, the hormones serve to coordinate the various activities and concerned about a particular function of the cell, For example- the hormone ecdysone controls the molting of cells and metamorphosis in insects ( Beermann, 1965).
In mammalian liver cells of cell biology, the enzymes which convert glucose into glycogen are regulated through the hormone insulin which is synthesized through β- cells of the are lets of Langerhans in the pancreas of the cell. Moreover, the hormone of thyroxine, a secretion of the thyroid gland of cell organize, activates the enzymes phosphorylase to form glucose phosphate from the glycogen of cell biology.
Nucleic Acids of Cell
The nucleic acids of cells are the complex macromolecular organic compounds of immense biological importance o acid. They control the important points of biosynthetic activities of cell biology and carry heredity information from the generation of cells. There occur 2 types of nucleic acids in living organisms of the cells are Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cell biology. Both types of nucleic acids are the polymers of the nucleotides of the cell's vitamins. A nucleotide is composed of nucleoside and phosphoric acid of cells. Even the nucleoside is composed of the pentose sugars that are (Ribose or Deoxyribose) and nitrogen bases mean ( Purines or Pyridines). The purines are added of guanine and the pyridines are the cytosine, thymine, and uracil of cell biology. The cytoplasmic matrix is present only in RNA, while DNA exclusively remains concentrated in the nucleus of cells.
The DNA and RNA have maximum similar chemical compositions that except for some differences in the cell's DNA and RNA. Both have been compared in this table
Comparison of DNA and
RNA
|
DNA |
RNA |
|
1. It contains pentose sugar known as deoxyribose. 2. The molecule contains the phosphoric acid (phosphate) molecule which connects various sugars with one another. 3. The nitrogen bases are: (i) Purine- adenine and guanine. (ii) Pyrimidine- cytosine and thymine. 4. Molecules have four nucleotides as deoxyadenosine monophosphate, deoxyguanosine monophosphate, deoxycytidine monophosphate and thymine monophosphate. 5. The molecule contains a double standard helix structure in which many nucleotides remain arranged in pairs. . 6. DNA is a genetic material and occurs in chromosomes, nucleoplasm and mitochondria, etc. |
1. It contains pentose sugar called the ribose. 2. The molecule contains the phosphoric acid (phosphate) molecule which connects various sugars with one another. 3. The the molecule contains following nitrogen bases in its molecule: (i) Purine- adenine and guanine. (ii) Pyrimidines- cytosine and uracil. 4. Molecules have four nucleotides as adenosine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate, cytidine monophosphate and uridine monophosphate. 5. The molecules consist of a single chain of polynucleotides. 6. RNA is a carrier of genetic information and it plays a very significant role in the mechanism of protein synthesis. It mostly occurs in the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm. |