Introduction of Organic Substance
The chemical substances which contain carbon (C) in combination with one or more other elements as hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur(S), etc, are called organic compounds. The organic compounds contain large molecules that are formed in a similar way their unit structure is called the monomers. A monomer is the simplest unit of the organic molecule which exists freely. Some organic compounds such as carbohydrates occur in the matric as the monomers. The monomers usually link with other monomers to form oligomers and polymer. The oligomers contain a small number of monomers, while the polymers contain a large number of monomers. The oligomer and polymers contain large-sized molecules or macromolecules. When a polymer present in a similar type of monomers and its macromolecules that is called homopolymer and when the polymer is composed of different types of monomers that are called heteropolymer.https://www.schetna.com/
According to organic compound's matrix are six types that are :
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids
3. Proteins 4. Vitamins
5. Hormones 6. Nucleotides.
Carbohydrates
The carbohydrates compounds have in the present of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compounds. They form the main source of the energy of all living beings. The only green part of plants and certain microbes have the power of synthesizing the carbohydrates from the water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll by the process of photosynthesis. All the animals, non-green parts of the plants, non-green plants, bacteria, and viruses depend on green parts of plants for the supply of carbohydrates.
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| Carbohydrates research |
Chemically the carbohydrates compounds are polyhydroxy that are aldehydes or ketones.
According to the organic compound, we can classify that are:
A. Monosacchharides (Monomer)
B. Oligosaccharides (Oligomers)
C. Polysaccharides (polymers)
1. Trioses contain three carbon atoms in their molecules, e.g., glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone.
2. Tetrose contains four carbon atoms in their molecules, e.g., erythrulose and erythrose.
3. Pentoses contain five carbon atoms in their molecules, e.g., ribose, ribulose, deoxyribose, arabinose, and xylulose.
4. Hexoses contain six carbon atoms in their molecules, e.g., glucose, mannose, fructose, and galactose.
5. Heptose contains seven carbon atoms in their molecules, e,g,. sedoheptulose.
The monosaccharides usually exist as isomers. For example, three hexose sugars- glucose, fructose, and galactose, contain the same number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but they are different sugars because of different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules. Glucose and galactose come under monosaccharides that are optical isomers. If a carbon atom is present in a molecule that has four different chemical groups bonded to it, the groups can be arranged in two distinct spatial, arrangements about the carbon atom. These two different arrangements are known as the mirror- images and convenient example of such mirror - image structures are the two human hands which are identically structured but which cannot be superimposed on each other. The two isomers that are D- and L- glyceraldehyde and their other name are aldotrioses.
Certain important oligosaccharide is as follows:
(1.) Disaccharides contain two monomers, e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose, etc.
(2.) Trisaccharides contain three monomers, e.g., raffinose, mannose, rabinose, rhaminose, gentianose and melezitose.
(3.) Tetrasaccharides contain four monomers, e.g., stachyose and Scordo's.
The most about oligosaccharides of the animal and plant cells are the disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose. The sucrose and maltose occur mainly in the matrix of plant cells, while the lactose occurs exclusively in the matrix of animal cells. Oligosaccharides compounds and sucrose molecules and their composers of D-glucose and D- fructose. The molecules of maltose are present of 2 molecules of D- glucose and lactose molecules are composed of 2 monomers that are D- glucose, and D-galactose. Like monosaccharides, all disaccharides are sweet, soluble in water, and crystallizable.
The structure of polysaccharides compounds and their nutrient of polysaccharides compounds. The structural polysaccharides serve primarily as extracellular or intracellular supporting elements. Included in this group are cellulose, mannan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, keratin sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate, and the peptidoglycans. The nutrient of polysaccharides compounds serve as and their reserves in monosaccharides form and it can be continuous metabolic form and their in turnover form. Included in this group are starch, glycogen, insulin, and paramylum.
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