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What is Cells and Viruses Entities of Living Organisms

  Introduction of Cell The cell is the basic unit of organization or structure of all living matter. A.G. L Loewy and according to Wilson and Morrison (1966)  " an integrated and continuously changing system of the living beings of cells ."  And according to John Paul (1970) " the simplest integrated organization in living being systems of the cells, capable of independent survival". Virus es Viruses are very small submicroscopic biological entities which though lack cellular organization possess their own genetic material, genetically determined macromolecular organization, and characteristic mode of inheritance . For their multiplication of viruses, they essentially require the presence of some host cells of the living system, i.e., they are obligate cellular parasites of either bacteria, plants, or animals it means all living beings. Structure Viruses are quite a varied group. They range between 30 to 300 nm or 300 to 3000 Altitude in size, so they can be observe...

What is Cells and Viruses Entities of Living Organisms

 Introduction of Cell

The cell is the basic unit of organization or structure of all living matter. A.G. L Loewy and according to Wilson and Morrison (1966)  " an integrated and continuously changing system of the living beings of cells."  And according to John Paul (1970) " the simplest integrated organization in living being systems of the cells, capable of independent survival".

Viruses

Viruses are very small submicroscopic biological entities which though lack cellular organization possess their own genetic material, genetically determined macromolecular organization, and characteristic mode of inheritance. For their multiplication of viruses, they essentially require the presence of some host cells of the living system, i.e., they are obligate cellular parasites of either bacteria, plants, or animals it means all living beings.

Cell's Viruses,Cells are tiny,Polyhedron,mode of inheritance

Structure

Viruses are quite a varied group. They range between 30 to 300 nm or 300 to 3000 Altitude in size, so they can be observed only by electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. They have a regular geometrical and macromolecular organization. Basically, an infectious virus particle is composed of a core of only one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which is wrapped in a protective coat of protein, called a capsid.

Viruses have the following three types of symmetry:

          1. Icosahedral symmetry

       2. Helical or cylindrical symmetry

Are Viruses Living Entities?

There is no clear answer to this question because there is no single definition of life that will satisfy everyone. As far as we defined living beings and life is defined as being capable of making new life directly through its own metabolic efforts, then viruses are not living in living beings. However, if living system life is defined as being able to specify each modern generation according to its own genetic instructions, then viruses are living beings systems.

Naming and Classification

Viruses are not named according to the method of binomial nomenclature like other organisms of a living system. Viruses tend to be named in a random fashion according to the disease caused by the host organism or some coded system. Recently, with an increase in knowledge of viral biochemistry and molecular biology, various specific characteristics such as the nature of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), the symmetry of capsid, the number of capsomeres of a living system, etc., are now being used in the viral classification of living organisms. However, we will stick to the following conventional classification of viruses which is based on the type of the host cell:

A. Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages

 Living beings viruses that parasitize the bacterial cells are called bacteriophages or phages. The phages have specific hosts and they are of variable shapes, sizes, and structures of bacterial viruses. The most widely and effectively studied phages are T- even bacteriophages such as T2, T4, T6, etc., which infect the colon bacillus, Escherichia coli, and are also known as coliphages.

B. Plant Viruses 

 Every plant's virus parasitizes the plant cells and disturbs their metabolism and causes severe diseases in them. All plant viruses consist of ribonucleoprotein in their organization of each plant's viruses. The important plant viruses are tobacco rattle virus(RTV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus, beet yellows virus (BYV), southern bean mosaic virus ( SBMV), and turnip yellow viruses (TYV). Among plants, few hundred viral diseases are caused, e.g., yellow diseases of carrot, peach; little- leaf of brinjal. These diseases are spread through insects such as aphids, leafhoppers, and beetles.

C. Animal Viruses

The animal viruses infect all types of animal cells and cause different fatal diseases in animals and living organisms as well as including man. Generally, they have a polyhedron or spherical shape and genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA. The protein coat or capsid of animal viruses is surrounded by an envelope.

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