Cell, Ecology, Molecular Biology

  Introduction of Proteins We know that Proteins of all the  macromolecules  found in cell biology, the proteins are chemically and physically more diverse. It is a very important constituent of all cell parts forming more than 50 % of the cell's dry weight. The term protein was coined by  Dutch chemist G.J.Mulder  (1802-180) and is derived from the Greek word  proteios,  which means "of the first rank". Proteins serve the structural material of protoplasm and play essential roles in the living system's organisms. It forms enzymes of globular proteins with specialized to serve as a catalyst in virtually all types of biological activities of the cells. Other proteins are antibodies, transport proteins,  storage proteins , contraction proteins, and some hormones. Chemically, proteins are polymers, and their others name of amino acids. I. Amino acids.   Nobel Laureate  Email Fischer  (1902) discovered that all proteins consist of chain...

  Introduction of Cell The cell is the basic unit of organization or structure of all living matter. A.G. L Loewy and according to Wilson and Morrison (1966)  " an integrated and continuously changing system of the living beings of cells ."  And according to John Paul (1970) " the simplest integrated organization in living being systems of the cells, capable of independent survival". Virus es Viruses are very small submicroscopic biological entities which though lack cellular organization possess their own genetic material, genetically determined macromolecular organization, and characteristic mode of inheritance . For their multiplication of viruses, they essentially require the presence of some host cells of the living system, i.e., they are obligate cellular parasites of either bacteria, plants, or animals it means all living beings. Structure Viruses are quite a varied group. They range between 30 to 300 nm or 300 to 3000 Altitude in size, so they can be observe...

Origin of plasma membrane Origin of this plasma membrane is hardly available of cell structure is very important to the immediate health of the all types of living beings cell than the  plasma membrane. If it is weakened as well as injured, the  living beings cell loses its ability to maintain gradients of cell, to carry out the selective transport of  best types of nutrients, and to contain the pool of  the plasma membrane enzymes and organelles essential for the homeostasis of cell.  In consequence of cells which is new membranes may be added to existing membrane without altering the function as a barrier  for cell membrane and  the selective transporter. Also for maintaining the characteristic membrane asymmetry of cell and its plasma membrane must be assembled with precisely the correct molecular topography of this plasma membrane. Thus, all types of living beings cellular membranes that grow from pre-existing membranes which act as tempelates...

    Introduction of Membrane Asymmetry Asymmetry membrane lipid and protein molecules  which have an irregular distribution in monolayers of lipid and bilayer that are called membrane asymmetry. A. Phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane.  The lipid composition of phospholipid and state of the fluidity of two halves of the lipid's bilayer are found to be strongly different in membrane asymmetry. For example, in human erythrocyte’s plasma membrane and asymmetry, the outer half contains those phospholipids which have more saturated fatty acid chains in membrane asymmetry, and the inner half contains in membrane those phospholipids which contain terminal amino groups and less saturated fatty acid chains. As a result, the inner monolayer is more fluid than the outer lipid monolayer. But some such phospholipid asymmetry is generated in smooth ER. The membrane asymmetry of glycolipids such as a galactocerebroside, ganglioside. etc., in the myelin sheath of ...

Introduction of Fluid Mosaic Model Evidence Experimental evidence of the fluid mosaic model supports the plasma membrane's mosaic arrangement , supports fluid property, maintains the role of lipids molecules, movement of lipid, increasing membrane fluidity of unsaturated fats , and maintain the cholesterol of fluidity membrane. Some evidence to support the fluid mosaic model is: A. Mosaic arrangement  support  of proteins e vidence .   Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of the plasma membrane through Branton (1968) revealed the presence of bumps and depression which are randomly distributed of the mosaic arrangement of proteins. There were later shown to be transmembrane integral proteins particles of the fluid mosaic model. B. Evidence of Cell membrane's fluid property. Mobility of plasma membrane proteins due to the fluid property of lipid bilayer was demonstrated through a classical experiment according to D.Frye and M.Edidin (1970). They fused two different types of ...

Evolution of fluid Mosaic Modal of  Plasma Membrane in Biological Cells The existence of the plasma membrane of the cell biology was difficult to prove through direct examination before the 1930 s because of technological limitations and its work. This plasma membrane is beyond the resolution of the deep light microscope and its work, rendering a morphological approach of its study quite unfeasible with this instrument and its use. Thus, most of the experimental approaches have been provided no direct evidence of the existence of such a  plasma membrane around the cell biology.  Lets us narrate in deep briefly the saga of the evolution and its work of the presentaly well-accepted fluid - the mosaic model of the plasma membrane  of the structure  : 1. The plasmolysis of biological plant cells in hypertonic solutions suggests and its existence of the plasma in the plant cell. 2. It is fact that a cell biology, especially an animal cell which has no cell ...

Introduction of Inorganic The inorganic compounds and molecules are those  molecules  (compound)  that are normally found in the bulk of the physical,  in non-living all types of molecules universe, elements, metals, and their compounds like that water, salts, and all types variety of  electrolytes . In the previous cytoplasmic matrix's lesson in, we have discussed a lot about the inorganic substances of water which we will be discussed in the bellow paragraph. Water The most abundant inorganic component of the  cytosol  is the water compounds. Water compound's constituents about 65 to 80 percent of the matrix in these compounds. In the matrix of the inorganic compound and the water occurs in two forms for example free water as well as bound water. 95 percent of the total cellular water is used through the matrix as the solvent for all types of inorganic substances and organic compounds that are known as free water. The water remaining 5 percent of the...

Introduction of Cell of Cellular Organism The cell body of all living organisms except viruses has the cellular organization of the cells and may contain one or many cells. The organisms with only one cell that is unicellular organisms. The organisms having many cells in their body are called multicellular organism ( e.g., most plants and animals) Any cellular organisms may contain a lonely type of cell from the following types of cells: A. Prokaryotic cells; B. Eukaryotic cells. According to Hans Ris in the 1960s he/she have suggested t he terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic  A. Prokaryotic Cells The prokaryotic are small, simple, and most primitive cells of all living beings. They are probably the first to come into existence of 3.5 billion years ago. The eukaryotic cells have evolved from the prokaryotic cells and the first eukaryotic cells may have arisen 1.4 billion years ago. Every prokaryotic cell is the most primitive cell from the morphological point of view. They occur in ...

Introduction of Lipids We will learn lipids, lipids source, types of lipids, and function of lipids in these articles. The lipid is the organic compounds that are insoluble in the water but soluble in the non-polar organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, chloroform, and ether.  The lipids are non-polar hydrophobic .  Examples of lipids are home cooking like that all types of fats and cholesterol. Like the carbohydrates, lipid serves two major roles in cells and tissues:  (1). It occurs as constituents of certain components of cells which membranous organelles;  carotene found in  plant pigments such as  carrots and lycopene in the other that is tomatoes; tomatoes in mostly vitamins like A, E, and K; menthol and eucalyptus oil. (2).  Lipids in mostly present starch and glycogen , fat are insoluble in water but it is the best to form in which energy-yielding molecules can be stored for use when having not the starch in the body then it fulfills. Lip...

Introduction of Cytoplasmic Matrix Cells, tissues, and organs are composed of chemicals, many of which are identical to those found in non-living matter, while others are unique to living organisms. The study of chemical compounds found in living systems and reactions in which they take part in known as biochemistry. Studies of the structure and behavior of individual molecules constitute molecular biology. If the 'secret of life' is to be found anywhere it is in these molecules. Complete you want to learn about it click here on Wikipedia cytosol . In fact, all living systems are subject to the same physical and chemical laws as are non-living systems. Within the cells of any organism, the living substance, or protoplasm, is itself comprised of a multitude of non-living constituents: proteins, nucleic acids, fats (lipids), carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals waste metabolites, crystalline aggregates , pigments, and many others, all of which are composed of molecules and their con...